Single-nucleotide polymorphism detection with "wire-like" DNA probes that display quasi "on-off" digital action

Establishing a reliable genotyping protocol is a critical matter in postsequence genetics. In this article, we describe a highly sensitive electrochemical detection of complementary DNAs (up to 43-mer) based on hole transport with molecular-scale, "wire-like" DNA probes. The presence of a single-base mismatch in the DNA duplexes caused a dramatic decrease in the electrochemical response. We applied this method to detect all of the possible transition and transversion SNPs and achieved "on-off"-type discrimination of fully complementary DNAs from their SNPs. Furthermore, naturally occurring polymorphisms, "hot spots" from the p53 gene, could clearly be distinguished from wild type by using our methodology.