Reward analysis for participation in ancillary services through coordinated control of EVs and distributed EMSs

This paper proposes a method for a community consisting of energy management systems (EMSs) that own electric vehicles (EVs) to participate in the frequency regulation market for ancillary services via an aggregator. The process comprises Problem A: calculating a 24-hour profile of the community's bidding capacity, and Problem B: tracking control of charge/discharge for EVs parked in each EMS according to regulatory signals transmitted by the transmission system operator (TSO). Each problem is formulated in MIQP and is proven to be equivalent to QP under certain conditions. Furthermore, each EMS's reward for participating in ancillary services is derived from the relaxed Lagrangian of Problem B. Based on this reward, a strategy is proposed for determining the binding price and whether to participate in the auction, based on the expected state of supply and demand in the power grid. Finally, the simulation results show the rewards and calculation times for each EMS, demonstrating the usefulness of the bidding price strategy.