Feedback regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase activity of c-Raf-1 by insulin and phorbol ester Stimulation

Recently, it has been reported that Raf-1 kinase (Raf-1) has mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) activity in various cells, although Raf-1 and MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) can be phosphorylated by MAP kinase (MAPK) in vitro. Here we show that the maximal hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1 and MAPKK (10 min) was substantially achieved after the maximal activation of MAPKKK of Raf-1, MAPKK (2-5 min), and MAPK in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human insulin receptor (CHO-HIR cells) treated with insulin or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorhol-13-acetate (TPA). Moreover, we show that overexpression of MAPK in CHO-HIR cells resulted in enhanced hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1, MAPKK, and mammalian homolog of son of sevenless (mSos) after insulin or TPA stimulation as compared with parental cells. Furthermore, the maximal hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1 appears to be accompanied by a significant decrease in MAPKKK activity. These results suggest that 1) signals initiated by insulin and TPA converge on Raf-1 and activate its MAPKKK activity and 2) Raf-1, MAPKK, and mSos not only lie upstream of MAPK but also are phosphorylated by MAPK, directly or indirectly, and at least Raf-1 kinase activity might be down-regulated by this feedback mechanism.