Altered subcellular distribution of estrogen receptor α is implicated in estradiol-induced dual regulation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

We investigated the mechanisms by which estrogen alters insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) did not affect insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor. E2 enhanced insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), IRS-1/p85 association, phosphorylation of Akt, and 2-deoxyglucose uptake at 10^-8 M, but inhibited these effects at 10^-5 M. A concentration of 10^-5 M E2 enhanced insulin-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser³⁰⁷, which was abolished by treatment with a c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase inhibitor. In addition, the effect of E2 was abrogated by pretreatment with a specific estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI182,780. Membrane-impermeable E2, E2-BSA, did not affect the insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt at 10^-8 M, but inhibited it at 10^-5 M. Furthermore, E2 decreased the amount of estrogen receptor α at the plasma membrane at 10^-8 M, but increased it at 10^-5 M. In contrast, the subcellular distribution of estrogen receptor β was not altered by the treatment. These results indicate that E2 affects the metabolic action of insulin in a concentration-specific manner, that high concentrations of E2 inhibit insulin signaling by modulating phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser³⁰⁷ via a c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase-dependent pathway, and that the subcellular redistribution of estrogen receptor α in response to E2 may explain the dual effect of E2.