Theoretical and empirical research on kundoku reading of classical Chinese texts in the vernacular

Kundoku is an approach to understand classical materials by adding glosses, particularly known by that of Classical Chinese; both understanding of foreign language texts and re-interpretation of that in their own language rule the glossing phenomena on classical materials. There remain commonalities and particularities in glossing among languages: it is determined by both source language and target language concerned. We have glossed materials of Classical Chinese in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and VIetnamese. Similar phenomena are attested in the mediaeval Latin materials using European vernacular languages and marks. In other cultural sphere as well, provided that common classical material existed, a glossing convention would be in the same way, which makes it a ubiquitous behaviour over cultural-linguistic spheres.