Receptor-mediated control of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and apoptotic volume decrease (AVD)

A fundamental property of animal cells is the ability to regulate their own cell volume. Even under hypotonic stress imposed by either decreased extracellular or increased intracellular osmolarity, the cells can re-adjust their volume after transient osmotic swelling by a mechanism known as regulatory volume decrease (RVD). In most cell types, RVD is accomplished mainly by KCl efflux induced by parallel activation of K⁺ and Cl^- channels. We have studied the molecular mechanism of RVD in a human epithelial cell line (Intestine 407). Osmotic swelling results in a significant increase in the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration and thereby activates intermediate-conductance Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ (IK) channels. Osmotic swelling also induces ATP release from the cells to the extracellular compartment. Released ATP stimulates purinergic ATP (P2Y₂) receptors, thereby inducing phospholipase C-mediated Ca²⁺ mobilization. Thus, RVD is facilitated by stimulation of P2Y₂ receptors due to augmentation of IK channels. In contrast, stimulation of another G protein-coupled Ca²⁺-sensing receptor (CaR) enhances the activity of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying Cl^- channels, thereby facilitating RVD. Therefore, it is possible that Ca²⁺ efflux stimulated by swelling-induced and P2Y₂ receptor-mediated intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization activates the CaR, thereby secondarily upregulating the volume-regulatory Cl^- conductance. On the other hand, the initial process towards apoptotic cell death is coupled to normotonic cell shrinkage, called apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). Stimulation of death receptors, such as TNFα receptor and Fas, induces AVD and thereafter biochemical apoptotic events in human lymphoid (U937), human epithelial (HeLa), mouse neuroblastoma × rat glioma hybrid (NG108-15) and rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In those cells exhibiting AVD, facilitation of RVD is always observed. Both AVD induction and RVD facilitation as well as succeeding apoptotic events can be abolished by prior treatment with a blocker of volume-regulatory K⁺ or Cl^- channels, suggesting that AVD is caused by normotonic activation of ion channels that are normally involved in RVD under hypotonic conditions. Therefore, it is likely that G protein-coupled receptors involved in RVD regulation and death receptors triggering AVD may share common downstream signals which should give us key clues to the detailed mechanisms of volume regulation and survival of animal cells. In this Topical Review, we look at the physiological ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation and cell death-associated volume changes from the facet of receptor-mediated cellular processes.