Pure Red Cell Aplasia and Chromosomal Abnormality in a Patient With Lung Adenocarcinoma Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Case Report

Background/Aim: Immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce immune-related adverse events in various organs, thus careful observation is required. Case Report: A 69-year-old man was diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and treated with combined therapy of carboplatin plus pemetrexed plus pembrolizumab. After two cycles of treatment, anemia was noted. Myelosuppression due to cytotoxic anticancer agents was suspected and the cytotoxic agents were discontinued, followed by three courses of pembrolizumab monotherapy. However, the anemia persisted, requiring red blood cell transfusions. A bone marrow biopsy revealed erythroblast hypoplasia and chromosomal abnormalities, resulting in a diagnosis of pure red cell aplasia. These adverse events were considered immune-related because of the treatment history with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, and 60 mg/day (1 mg/kg/day) of prednisolone was initiated. Anemia improved, and it did not recur during the tapering of prednisolone. Conclusion: Immune-related pure red cell aplasia should be considered for patients presenting anemia during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.