Challenges and opportunities for urban water ecosystems in Asia and Africa: Conclusions and way forward

This chapter focuses on the key arguments on urban water ecosystems and their management from the previous 14 chapters of this edited volume. Throughout the volume, we understand the complexity of urban water ecosystems and their effective management. Learning about these complexities can be taken as an advantage for navigating socio-ecological resilience in Asia and Africa, as all these complexities come from dealing with real ecosystems. The chapter especially brings the major challenges of urban water ecosystem management while dividing the arguments into states and impacts of various drivers and stressors, development challenges, valuation, and effective policies and planning on urban water ecosystems. The chapter ends with a list of research and policy-related gaps, with cross-references to the chapters that deal with these gaps in urban water ecosystem management.