Harnessing microalgae as sustainable cellular factories for biopharmaceutical production

The biotechnology sector centered around microalgae is experiencing a remarkable surge in growth. So far, over 300,000 distinct species of microalgae have been meticulously classified. These microorganisms are renowned not only for their role as natural food sources but also for their significant contribution as repositories of bioactive compounds. They can produce pigments, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and bioactive metabolites (e.g., α-carotene, β-carotene, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) that are useful as dietary supplements. Remarkably, the realm of bioactive metabolites encompasses a wide spectrum, ranging from dietary supplements to biopharmaceuticals, spanning antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. These noteworthy compounds have been extensively explored for their potential in pharmaceutical production and therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the intricate landscape of utilizing microalgae and cyanobacteria for the synthesis of both natural and recombinant biopharmaceuticals. It also sheds light on the latest advancements in leveraging microalgae as versatile bioreactors, specifically focusing on their role in generating biologics. Moreover, this review articulates the diverse therapeutic potentials inherent in microalgae-based natural products, including their antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidative, anti-infective, and immunomodulatory properties, as well as their enzymatic activities and thalassotherapy. Intriguingly, this exploration also encompasses the therapeutic capacities stemming from genetically bio-engineered microalgae. Notably, the spotlight falls on the realm of recombinant antibodies and edible vaccines, underlining their specific significance and promise in the broader landscape of biopharmaceuticals.