Comparative Study on Marginalization among Indigenous People in Tropical Forest Zones of Africa

The field surveys on marginalization among hunter-gatherers and hunter-horticulturalists were conducted. Hunter-gatherers and hunter-horticulturalists have not been able to establish the independent resistance to impacts such as commercial logging or forest conservation activities because their societies lack political centralization. Whereas formation of large-scale settlements and ritual for enhancement of social cohesion against external pressures were observed, indigenous movements are arising from the influence of human rights NGOs. However, both activities work limitedly in consequence of the absence of junction among them.